![]() See pitch (music) for a discussion of historical variations in frequency. When calculated in equal temperament with a reference of A above middle C as 440 Hz, the frequency of Middle F (F4) is approximately 349.228 Hz. It has enharmonic equivalents of E ♯ (E-sharp) and G (G-double flat), amongst others. It is also known as fa in fixed-do solfège. It is the fourth note and the sixth semitone of the solfège. One effect worth mentioning is the dissonance we here when two frequencies are close but not overlapping.F is a musical note, the fourth above C or fifth below C. We can stop there if we want to, but there are other psycho-acoustic effects that affect consonance vs. This is why you can’t typically hear drums harmonizing with each other even though they have a recognizable pitch. ![]() Drums usually don’t produce simple overtones because the vibrations travel across them in more than one dimension, which creates more complicated patterns. Some instruments don’t produce these overtones at simple multiples of the fundamental frequency. For example, playing C and F# together is extremely dissonant because there are no overlapping harmonics (the F# doesn’t quite even line up with 2/5 interval – for more on this see my answer to Why are there 12 notes?). Some notes don’t correspond to any simple fractional interval, and those notes sound very dissonant. C and D# have almost as many overlapping harmonics and C, D# and G would be a C minor chord. You can see here that C and E have lots of overlapping harmonics – C, E and G would be a C major chord. A one second recording looks like this – again totally different from the previous two. Middle-C will be the white key immediately below (to the left of) the first black key of the two keys you found in the previous step. Find the group of two black keys in the group you located in the previous step. When I play my guitar an octave higher I can make a harmony. The five keys must be ordered as two keys group then three keys group, not the other way around. ![]() Other instruments that are like longs tubes of air have the same property such as flutes, saxophones, horns and harmonicas. The fact that the frequency peaks or red dots are even spaced is a physical property of our vocal chords and comes from the fact that our vocal chords are essentially a long tube of air. When I sing the G note along with my guitar my voice and my instrument are causing the same hairs in my ear to vibrate. It’s amazing that we are able to make our voices harmonize so exactly without even thinking about it. The lowest or fundamental frequency of the recording of my voice matches the 196Hz of my guitar string shown on the previous graph. Each dot is exactly 196Hz apart just like in the graph of the guitar’s frequencies. I added red dots to this frequency graph to highlight where the harmonic frequencies are and show the uniform spacing. Hidden within this waveform are patterns that our ears and brain perceive. This graph shows the waveformof the sound, which is really just a rapid series of changes in the air pressure. Here is a recording of one second of me playing the G-string on my guitar. In other words, the G key below middle C on my piano is so consonant with the G string on my guitar that they are said to be the same note. The most consonant pairs of sounds are two sounds that are perceived as having the same “pitch”. Some cultures and genes of music use a lot more dissonance, but most humans perceive the same relative amounts of dissonance between pairs of notes. Instead of from subjective notions of “good” and “bad”, scientists call the feeling of harmony “ consonance” and the feeling of disharmony “ dissonance”. The feeling of harmony we get when we hear the notes C and G together and the feeling of disharmony we get when we hear C and G flat together turns out to be part of the universal human experience. All over the world humans have independently chosen to put the same intervals between notes in their music. The songs we like and the sounds we like are incredibly dependent on our culture, personality, mood, etc.īut there is something that feels fundamentally different about certain pairs of notes that sound “good” together. Two notes sounding “good” together sounds like a very subjective statement. This was originally a response to a question on Quora.
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